Coordination and control are essential for living organisms to function smoothly and respond to changes in their environment. Organisms maintain balance through two main types of coordination:
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Nervous coordination: Uses electrical impulses for fast responses.
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Chemical coordination: Uses hormones for slower but long-lasting effects.
In humans, the nervous system (central and peripheral) transmits signals, while receptors (eyes, ears, skin, taste buds, etc.) detect stimuli like touch, temperature, and taste. The endocrine system regulates growth, reproduction, blood glucose, and water balance through chemical messengers.
The chapter also covers nervous system disorders such as vascular disorders (e.g., paralysis) and functional disorders (e.g., epilepsy). These notes include MCQs, short questions, and long questions for quick and effective exam preparation.
Important MCQs – Chapter 12 Coordination and Control
1. Which type of coordination is found in both animals and plants?
(a) Nervous coordination
(b) Reflex coordination
(c) Hormonal coordination ✅
(d) Voluntary coordination
2. The nervous system in human sconsists of:
(a) Brain and spinal cord only
(b) Cranial and spinal nerves only
(c) Central and peripheral nervous system ✅
(d) Forebrain and hindbrain
3. The unit of the nervous system is called:
(a) Nerve
(b) Braincell
(c) Neuron ✅
(d) Dendrite
4. Which type of neuron carries impulses from receptors to CNS?
(a) Motor neuron
(b) Interneuron
(c) Sensory neuron ✅
(d) Mixed neuron
5. Which part of the brain links the nervous system and endocrine system?
(a) Thalamus
(b) Hypothalamus ✅
(c) Pons
(d) Midbrain
47. Somatotrophin is also known as:
(a) Insulin
(b) Growth hormone ✅
(c) Adrenaline
(d) Estrogen
Short Questions – Chapter 12
1. Identify the two types of coordination in living organisms.
Answer:
- Nervous coordination (by the nervous system)
- Chemical coordination (by the endocrine system)
2. What are the main components of coordination?
Answer:
The five main components of coordination are:
- Stimulus
- Receptor
- Coordinator
- Effector
- Response
3. What are the two main components of the human nervous system?
Answer:
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
4. What is the role of spinal cord in coordination?
Answer:
It acts as a link between brain and body and also controls reflex actions.
Long Questions – Chapter 12
Q.1: Differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Write their major functions.
Introduction:
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary body functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and more. The ANS has two branches that work in opposite ways to maintain homeostasis (balance) in the body:
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Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
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Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
1. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
Function: Prepares the body for emergency or stressful situations — the “fight or flight” response.
Major Functions:
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Increases heart rate
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Increases breathing rate
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Dilates pupils (opens wide)
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Inhibits digestion (slows it down)
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Increases blood flow to muscles
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Releases stored glucose from liver for energy
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
Function: Helps the body relax and recover after stress — the “rest and digest” response.
Major Functions:
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Slows down heart rate
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Slows down breathing
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Constricts pupils (makes them smaller)
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Stimulates digestion
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Promotes absorption of nutrients
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Stores energy
Summary:
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Sympathetic system: Activates the body during stress or danger.
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Parasympathetic system: Restores normal body functions after stress.
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